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第一,反省思维能让我们从本能和惯性中解脱出来。
作者说:只有走出思维的舒适区,摆脱本能的思维,你才能走向卓越。
我们前面讲过,反省的思维是一种有目的的思维,并不是随意的胡思乱想。所以反省思维会让我们有先见和目的性,它让我们做有意的行为以达到预期的结果,或者把握住遥远的将来。兽类的动作按照我们所知道的,完全受外界刺激和生理状态的驱使;而人类能思维,他的动作可以决定于远见,决定于多少年后才能获得结果。一个青年为了多年后的生活而接受一种专业教育,就是最好的例子。
人类可以有意识控制自己的行为和思想,而动物大部分行为活动是出于生理本能。兽类遇到下雨,身体受着刺激,便往洞里跑。人类能思维,看到可以指示将要下雨的事实,就会依着预期采取适当的行动。凡播种、施肥、收获都是有意的动作,都可以用现在经验中认取其所预兆的价值行动,没有思维的人就不会这么做。
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第二,反省思维让我们不仅可以摆脱惯性思维,更重要的是,可以让我们可以“举一反三”。
野蛮人在航行中遭到覆舟的灾祸,会注意到若干事物作为危险的符号;有反省思维的文明人却思患预防,安设浮标,建筑灯塔,作为有危险的符号。野蛮人能老练地观测晴雨,文明人却设置一个气象台,在没有任何征兆之前,用人为的方法,探取气候变化的符号,而且把探取得到的信息广播出来。
野蛮人能精巧地侦查荒野的路途,文明人却开辟一条大道,给大众指出一段途程。野蛮人会察出火的符号并且发明取火的方法,文明人却发明燃烧的汽和油,制造电灯和蒸汽机。文明的特质,就在于人能够有意地制成标志,以免遗忘;有意地创作器械,以觇预兆,使得危害可以避免或减少,利益可以稳定或增加。一切人为的器械,无非是有意地对于自然物进行改变,使得它们尽量供出其未来的、隐微的、遥远的意义。
总之,没有反省思维的人,只会就事论事,解决当下的问题,而具有反省思维的人,可以举一反三,未雨绸缪,为将来的风险和收益做准备。
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第三,善于反省的人,会使事物的意义更加丰富。
比如书上的文字,在不识字的人看来,只是些离奇的黑白不同的图迹,在有思维能力的人看来,这些符号代表着观念和事物。之前网上流传一个笑话,说的是有文化的人和没有文化的人的区别,当他们看到一群鸟飞过,没文化说∶啊,一群大鸟!有文化的人则会吟诗一首:落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色......。有反省思维和没有反省思维的人也有类似的区别吧。
我们一直以事物为有意义,而不仅仅是感官的刺激,我们这样习以为常,以致不容易认识到这意义的由来,是为了在过去这种已见的事物能指示所未见的事物,还是这种指示又为后来经验所证明的。这就是所谓“外行看热闹,内行看门道”。
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上面讲到的三个反省思维的必要性:摆脱本能和惯性、可以举一反三进行推理、赋予了事物更多意义。
一言以蔽之:正是拥有“反省思维”,才让人类得以和其他动物区别开来。
任何事情都有两面性,反省思维的力量,一方面使我们超越了普通物种,但一方面也带来了错误的机会和可能。它把人类抬高到其他动物之上,同时使人类有其他完全受制于本能的动物所没有的危险。比如我们质疑传统观念,质疑权威,很容易让我们陷入危险的境地,甚至付出生命。在人类思想史上,他几乎是穷尽了一个信念的一切错误的形式以后,才发现正确的思想的,就像李时珍尝遍了百草,最终才完成了伟大的著作《本草纲目》。
因为有风险,所以绝大部分人都是很抗拒改变的,人类也有“原始的轻信”偏见。科学思想史也指明,一条错误理论得到一般承认以后,人们宁愿费尽心思再搜集错误事实来支持它,也不愿放弃它。托勒密关于太阳系的理论,在被放弃以前,人们是费尽了心思去维护它的,导致这种错误的观念在人类社会存在了上千年之久。就是在今天,群众接受自然科学所给予的许多信念,也只为它们是习俗中流行的,并不是因为真的了解这些信念的根据,只是我们习以为常罢了。
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那既然反省的思维这么重要,我们应该如何进行有效的反省呢?作者提出了反省的五个逻辑步骤。这五个反省思维的逻辑步骤分别是:
第一,“暗示”,发现困难的情景;
第二,“问题”,找出问题所在;
第三,“臆说”,提出解决问题的假设;
第四,“推理”,推论各种假说的结果,探明那种假设可以解决问题;
第五,“试证”,验证假设。
人都有好逸恶劳的倾向,都希望顺风顺水,不愿意逆水行舟。就像英国思想家培根说的“一帆风顺令人羡慕,但逆水行舟更让人钦佩”。
但现实生活中,我们随时会面临各种问题和困难。所以,其实当我们面对困难、问题、挫折的时候,往往是我们进行反省和深入思考的契机。儿童教育学家说,最好的对小孩教育和指导的时刻,就是他遇到困难的时候,比如孩子情绪不好、又哭又闹的时候,往往是你培养和教育小孩最好的机会,因为在平时跟小孩讲道理他们是很难听进去的,所谓“吃一堑,长一智”就是这个意思。所以,当我们发现了“困难”或“问题”的情景,你应该很快意识到,这是我们反省思维的开始。
从这五个步骤,我们也可以看出,反省思维的是一个要追求结果,甚至可以说以结果为导向的思维过程,也是一个持续不断的过程。既要能在事前做到三思而后行,又要能在事后及时反省和总结。著名的投资家瑞·达利欧在《原则》这本书中提出了一个成长的公式:痛苦+反思=进步,我们也可以说:痛苦+反省=进步。
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