上图 顺丰速运采用双层自动分拣系统，大大提高电子单识别效率。
左图 四川外国语大学综合物流服务中心内，工作人员精准记录着快递末端的流通信息。
下图 重庆市渝北区百世快递重庆运转中心内，工作人员在初步核验快递电子单。
吉蕾蕾摄
根据国家邮政局邮政业安全监管信息系统实时监测，2018年12月28日，一件从陕西武功寄往北京的快递包裹，成为2018年第500亿件快件——这意味着我国快递年业务量超过美、日、欧等发达经济体总和，连续5年居世界第一，而其背后被称为行业“千里眼、顺风耳、护身符”的安全监管信息系统，渐渐走入了人们的视野。
收快递、发快递……如今，快递已成为人们日常生活的一部分。特别是“十三五”以来，我国快递业正以每年100亿件的增幅高速增长，快递年业务量连续5年居世界第一。
在这背后，确保快递行业安全高效运行的系统保障必不可少。那么，被称为快递行业“千里眼、顺风耳、护身符”的安全监管信息系统是如何运行的？它是如何实现对每一票快件进行全生命周期监测的？有了这个系统是否就不会出现快递丢件问题？带着这些问题，经济日报记者采访了相关专家。
第500亿件包裹如何确认
据国家邮政局邮政业安全监管信息系统监测，截至2018年11月底，全国快递服务企业业务量累计完成452.9亿件。“进入12月份后，我们每天通过信息系统对实时接入的数据进行密切监测，经过实时计算，我们抓取了今年的第500亿件快件的产生，是一箱由中通快递承运的猕猴桃，由陕西武功县工业园区寄往北京化工大学。”国家邮政局邮政业安全中心信息处副处长许良锋介绍，通过后台的大数据路由分析来看，这个包裹是从陕西武功县当地网点抵达武功县分拨中心，然后经过分拣直送北京顺义的分拨中心，分拣后又到达北京昌平的投递网点，最后由快递小哥投送到客户手中，“根据我们监测的时效来看，所耗费的时间大概在24小时左右”。
近年来，我国快递业发展迅猛，邮政业安全监管信息系统每天的工作量也在水涨船高。据悉，该系统接入了24家全国性企业的运行数据，每天实时汇聚全行业近95%的生产运行数据，涵盖了快件揽收、运输、投递、投诉和申诉等各环节动态数据，实现了每一票快件的全生命周期生产数据监管。
为什么要建立安全监管信息系统？许良锋表示，近年来，与行业迅猛发展态势相比，行业安全管理基础还很薄弱，寄递渠道禁毒、反恐、扫黄打非、信息安全、质量管控和消费者权益维护等监管与服务任务十分繁重。如何更好地利用数据驱动快递业智慧发展、提升事中事后监管的效率与水平、维护消费者合法权益，是摆在各级邮政管理部门面前亟待解决的课题。
为解决上述问题，2009年起，国家邮政局着手建设“邮政业安全监管与公共服务平台”，经过近10年努力，系统已初步建成并顺利运转。目前，系统每天实时处理1.74亿件快件、数十亿条数据信息，基本实现了全网运行实时监测、预研预判安全隐患、有效处置复杂问题以及为用户提供精准数据服务的功能。同时，该系统还实现了与有关安全部门数据的实时共享，极大提升了数据导侦、综合研判和协同共治的监管能力。
“护身符”能否确保万无一失
网点瘫痪、快递丢失……这几年，随着快递业配套设施的完善，这些字眼在行业中逐渐减少。据国家邮政局监测信息显示，2018年的快递业务量峰值出现在11月11日，当天处理量达到4.16亿件，比上年增长25.68%，是日常处理量的3.2倍，再次刷新了我国快递最高日处理量的纪录。同时，在精准预测和效率提升的基础上，1亿件包裹从商家发货到消费者签收的处理时间从2013年的9天减至2.6天，压缩71.1%。
“在业务量迅速增长的情况下，全网运行平稳顺畅，轻松实现全网‘不瘫痪不爆仓’的目标，很大程度上得益于‘千里眼、顺风耳、护身符’的支撑保障作用。”许良锋说，在安全监管信息系统建设运行的10年间，快递行业发展迅猛，快递数据信息量迅速增长，技术创新应用也不断更新迭代。面对新形势新情况，安全监管信息系统及时采用最先进的大数据技术，对系统开展升级改造和优化完善。
记者了解到，安全监管信息系统完全采用大数据架构，通过应用分布式存储计算、流式处理计算、高性能消息队列等一系列大数据最新技术，实现了快递海量数据的实时存储和计算整合。换言之，如今已实现了每一单快递从下单到产生面单，以及揽收、分拣、发送、运输、到达、分拣派送、签收、投诉、申诉等全生命周期数据的整合计算。“可以说，每产生一条快递数据信息，安全监管信息系统都能及时收集处理，保证了快递数据信息的实时性、完整性、全面性和准确性，以及完全可追溯性。”许良锋说。
那么，全生命周期监测、完全可追溯性是不是意味着每一件快递都能万无一失，不会丢失呢？对此，许良锋给出了客观解释。“尽管安全监管信息系统可实现对每一单快递流转信息的实时掌控，也不能确保每一件快递都能万无一失。”许良锋分析说，目前，每天数亿件的包裹经过全国数十万网点，以及数万条寄递邮路运送到千家万户。这期间，车辆、网点、快递员等多个环节都有可能出现差错，“但通过安全监管信息系统的高效运行，可以倒逼市场主体不断提升管控力度。目前，丢件等影响行业服务质量的现象越来越少，一旦出现丢件等问题，也能够第一时间追溯到网点、车、人”。
“千里眼”也在与时俱进
近年来，我国邮政业尤其是快递业快速发展，在服务商品流通、促进消费升级、扩大就业等方面发挥了积极作用。国家邮政局新闻发言人、市场监管司司长冯力虎介绍，2018年，快递年支撑网络零售额已近6.9万亿元，占社会消费品零售额比重超过19%，成为新经济的代表和经济发展新动能的重要力量。
然而，随着行业快速发展，寄递服务在方便人们生产生活的同时，也不断面临新的安全风险和挑战。比如，寄递服务具有点多面广、方便快捷、人货分离等特点，为不法分子采取匿名、夹带、隐藏等手法逃避检查和打击提供了可乘之机。为此，各级邮政部门积极推动实名收寄信息化推广工作，旨在从源头上起到防范和震慑作用，有效维护寄递渠道安全畅通。
“安全监管信息系统是实名制寄递信息化落地和监管的重要依托平台。”许良锋介绍，为落实企业安全寄递主体责任，国家邮政局联合各企业制定了快递实名制寄递信息化相关规范。同时，结合安全监管信息系统与各企业数据交互情况，快速实现了实名制数据信息的监管和管控。此外，结合安全监管信息系统原有丰富数据类型以及计算存储能力，也实现了每件快递逐单实名收寄落实情况的监管，极大提升了快递实名监管的科学性、针对性、有效性。
值得注意的是，在快递寄递过程中，实名数据涉及客户详细身份信息，数据更为敏感隐私，这对信息数据安全也提出了更高要求。“为有效保证数据的安全性，我们协同企业端对安全措施开展全面升级，严格内部管控，要求涉及实名制信息的系统必须通过三级评估。同时，我们采用硬件加密方式传输数据，确保传输数据的安全。”许良锋告诉记者，国家特别重视寄递安全管理，“十三五”时期还将“绿盾”工程列为重点项目，旨在通过大数据分析、云计算等先进技术，进一步延伸行业安全监管触角，全面提升邮政行业安全监管规范化信息化智能化水平，实现邮件快件寄递“动态可跟踪、隐患可发现、事件可预警、风险可管控、责任可追溯”。
冯力虎表示，截至目前，安全监管信息系统初步实现了行业运行监测、安全预警、快件查询和重点快件监控等功能，在强化企业监管、维护公共安全和加强应急保障等工作中都发挥了重要作用。（记者 吉蕾蕾）
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